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Twin Study: The Relationship Between Food Allergies and Gut Microbiota (Part 1)
Recent surveys estimate that 32 million children and adults in the United States have food allergies. This indicates a significant increase in allergic reactions to food in industrialized societies worldwide, similar to the rise in other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including obesity, diabetes, asthma, autism, and inflammatory bowel disease. These non-communicable diseases are associated with dysbiosis of the symbiotic microbiome, particularly in the gut. Microbes reside on the skin and all mucosal surfaces, having profound effects on physiology and health. New evidence suggests that increased use of antibiotics, low-fiber, high-fat diets, reduced exposure to infectious diseases, cesarean sections, and formula feeding have all reduced the number of beneficial bacterial communities. Early childhood is a particularly vulnerable period, closely related to the maturation of the microbiome and the development of the immune system. Food allergies.Children's gut microbiome.May differ from the gut microbiome of non-allergic children with similar genetics. By analyzing the fecal microbiome, taxonomic units that may influence the expression of food allergies in children and adults can be identified.
In some epidemiological studies, changes in gut microbiota have been associated with food allergies in children. The Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development Study indicates that the gut microbiome of food-sensitized infants has changed; in this study, the diversity of the Enterobacteriaceae family was lower in 3-month-old infants, while the Bacteroidaceae family was lower in 1-year-old infants. A study on Chinese infants showed that food-allergic infants had higher abundances of Firmicutes at 6 months and lower abundances of Bacteroidetes, but no significant differences were found in overall microbial diversity.
Oral immunotherapy (OIT) and epicutaneous immunotherapy are allergen-specific desensitization protocols implemented by introducing small but gradually increasing doses of allergens, which have been shown to safely and effectively desensitize food allergy patients to their allergens. However, OIT requires a long duration of administration (usually several years), during which gastrointestinal adverse symptoms may lead to high dropout rates in clinical trials. While OIT can achieve short-term desensitization, this desensitization is not sustainable without daily maintenance doses and, in most cases, does not induce long-term tolerance. Live microbiome modulation therapies have shown excellent prospects in clinical trials for various diseases. Preclinical data suggest that microbiome modulation therapy has the potential to enhance the efficacy and safety of OIT. Mouse model studies indicate that preventing allergic reactions to food requires inducing both allergen-specific immune regulatory responses and gut barrier protective responses induced by symbiotic bacteria, thereby modulating the epithelial permeability to food allergens. Therefore, for patients with food allergies, microbiome modulation therapy can be used to reduce adverse events, improve compliance, and achieve efficacy and sustained unresponsiveness.
To achieve the ultimate goal of developing new microbiome modulation therapies, the infant study will be expanded to a broader patient population to identify bacterial groups and their products associated with healthy microbiomes. It is hypothesized that the gut microbiome of food-allergic twins will differ from that of genetically similar twins without food allergies (siblings from the same family). Researchers examined unique fecal samples from food-allergic and healthy twins across a wide age range and identified a set of unique bacterial species and metabolites that distinguish healthy and allergic populations. By integrating the abundance of microbiomes and metabolites, significant enrichment of specific metabolic pathways not seen in their metabolic counterparts was found in healthy twins, particularly the essential lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG), which is involved in supporting glycerolipid biosynthesis and regulating protein kinase C signaling cascades. Two bacteria that were more abundant in healthy twins were also identified, which are associated with differentially abundant metabolites and are potential targets for future translational and clinical research:
Faecalibacterium, a strict anaerobe that produces acetate and propionate, is associated with increased DAG and biotin metabolism;
Butyrivibrio, a key resistant starch-degrading strict anaerobe, is associated with fatty acid, sterol, and amino acid metabolism.
For specific trial results, please see the next issue.
Reference: Fecalmicrobiome and metabolome differ in healthy and food-allergic twins. 2021.
Note: This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical guidance.
relationship, food, allergy, microorganisms, health, research, infants, metabolism, gut, therapy
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