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Oral microbiota and oral health
The fourth national oral health epidemiological survey shows that the prevalence of periodontal disease among people over 35 in China reaches 82.6% to 89.0%, while the global prevalence of periodontal disease is only 20% to 50%. The prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth among 12-year-old children is 34.5%, and the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth among 5-year-old children is 70.9%, both of which have increased compared to the last survey.
The oral cavity itself is a complex microbial community, with over 600 different microorganisms present in a healthy mouth, where various groups interact and influence each other. When the oral microbiome is stable and balanced, it can serve as a biological barrier against exogenous pathogenic bacteria. However, an imbalance in the oral microbiome can lead to dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, and other oral problems.
In recent years, oral health issues have received increasing attention, and various studies related to oral diseases have proven that probiotics have positive preventive and therapeutic effects on various oral diseases. Probiotics generally improve oral health in the following ways: first, by producing antimicrobial substances (organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins) to regulate oral pH and redox potential, thereby inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria; second, by improving the oral microbiome, where probiotics competitively adhere to the surface of teeth with pathogenic bacteria, forming a biofilm that acts as a protective layer for oral tissues, preventing pathogenic bacteria from infecting the mouth; third, by enhancing oral immunity, boosting host cell immunity and humoral immunity.
Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is an inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth, including the gums, cementum, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone. It is one of the most common oral diseases, caused by bacteria (especially Gram-negative bacteria). Bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and others are closely related to the occurrence of periodontitis. These pathogenic bacteria produce metabolic products such as antigen components, pathogenic enzymes, and toxins that damage periodontal tissues and promote the host to generate inflammatory factors (pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-8), causing inflammation.
Lactobacillus species (such as Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) can inhibit the growth of periodontal pathogens and reduce the amount of dental plaque. Studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri can significantly reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with moderate gingivitis, alleviating inflammation symptoms.
Dental caries
Dental caries is a disease characterized by chronic progressive destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth, primarily influenced by bacteria. Similar to periodontal disease, the process of dental caries development also involves changes in the oral microbiome. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum become dominant species in dental plaque. These bacteria break down carbohydrates to produce acidic substances, continuously eroding the teeth and causing demineralization of the tooth surface.
Probiotics such as Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus fermentum have good self-aggregation and co-aggregation abilities with other microorganisms, inhibiting the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the tooth surface in the early stages of caries development, thereby reducing the number of Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity. However, when caries progress, probiotics ferment to produce lactic acid, which, in conjunction with Streptococcus mutans, exacerbates dental caries.
Halitosis
Oral microorganisms produce gas compounds such as H2S, CH3SH, and dimethyl sulfide [CH3]2S when decomposing food residues and oral cell debris. These gas compounds are known as volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which are the main cause of halitosis. Most halitosis symptoms do not show a clear association with any specific microorganism, but odor analysis results are significantly correlated with the total number and diversity of microbial communities. Thus, halitosis is the result of interactions among various microorganisms.
Experiments have shown that Treponema denticola can produce hydrogen peroxide to inhibit the proliferation of Fusobacterium nucleatum, thereby reducing VSC levels; bacteriocins secreted by Streptococcus salivarius can inhibit halitosis-related bacteria, reducing oral odor; additionally, it has been reported that Lactobacillus salivarius can also alleviate halitosis.
References
[1] Alleviation of halitosis by use of probiotics and their protective mechanisms in the oral cavity
[2]Current research status of oral probiotics [J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology
[3]The role of oral microbiome in the early warning of oral and systemic diseases [J]. West China Journal of Stomatology
Chuangyuan Probiotics, Chuangyuan Special Diet, Chuangyuan Biotechnology, Chuangyuan Probiotic Bacteria, Chuangyuan Postbiotics
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